How to Maintain and Repair Masonry Brick Structures
Brick structures are prized for their timeless look, durability, and low maintenance needs. Whether it’s the façade of your home, a fireplace, or a garden wall, well-built masonry can last over a century. But that longevity doesn’t mean it’s maintenance-free. Over time, exposure to the elements can cause wear, cracks, and moisture damage, making upkeep essential.
1. Understand Common Brick Issues
Before jumping into repairs, it’s important to recognize signs of deterioration. Brick structures may face issues like:
- Cracked or crumbling mortar joints (known as tuckpointing or repointing needs)
- Spalling bricks, where the surface flakes off due to moisture or freeze-thaw cycles
- Efflorescence, a white powdery deposit from salts in the brick or mortar
- Bulging walls, often caused by trapped moisture or foundation shifts
These problems may seem minor at first but can escalate if ignored.
2. Regular Cleaning and Inspection
Routine inspections—at least once a year—are the best way to catch issues early. Look for discoloration, cracks, loose bricks, or mortar erosion. Use a soft-bristle brush or low-pressure washer to remove dirt and mildew. Avoid high-pressure washing, which can damage both brick and mortar.
Tip: Never use harsh chemicals like bleach or acid cleaners without expert guidance, as they can stain or erode the masonry.
3. Repointing Mortar Joints
Over time, mortar—the “glue” between bricks—can erode, allowing moisture to seep in. Repointing involves removing the damaged mortar and replacing it with fresh mix.
Steps:
- Rake out the old, deteriorated mortar (usually ½ to ¾ inch deep).
- Clean out the joints.
- Apply new mortar carefully to match the existing texture and color.
- Allow it to cure slowly to avoid cracking.
This process helps restore structural strength and prevents water infiltration, which is one of the leading causes of internal wall damage in brick buildings.
4. Sealants: When and When Not to Use Them
Applying a breathable sealant can help protect brick from water absorption—but this should be done with caution. Sealing non-breathable coatings can trap moisture inside, accelerating decay.
Use sealants only if:
- The wall is exposed to excessive moisture
- You’re dealing with old, porous bricks in high-rainfall regions
- You’ve addressed existing water issues first
5. Replace Damaged Bricks Promptly
Spalled, cracked, or crumbling bricks should be replaced before the damage spreads. This task involves carefully removing the affected brick, cleaning the cavity, and fitting a new brick with matching mortar. It’s a precision job—especially for load-bearing walls—and may require a masonry specialist.
6. Protect Against Water Damage
Moisture is the enemy of any brick structure. Ensure that:
- Gutters and downspouts are directing water away from walls
- Ground slopes away from the foundation
- Plants and vines are trimmed back to prevent moisture retention against the wall
- Cracks in foundation or flashing are sealed to prevent leaks
If you’re in a freeze-prone area, water that seeps into bricks can freeze, expand, and cause long-term structural harm.
7. Professional Assessment for Structural Issues
If you notice serious issues like leaning walls, major cracks, or large sections of crumbling bricks, don’t delay. These signs could indicate deeper structural concerns that go beyond basic maintenance. Call in a licensed structural engineer or experienced mason to assess the extent of the damage.
Final Thoughts
Maintaining your brick structure doesn’t require constant attention—but it does require consistency. A little inspection and repair today can save you from major expenses tomorrow. Whether you’re handling minor repointing yourself or calling in help for more extensive issues, prioritizing your brick work will ensure your home or building retains both its strength and charm for generations to come.
